Forming of structural elements of architectural objects using recycled fiber reinforced polymer

Докторска теза теоријски се позиционира у пољу трансдициплинарног истраживања савремених пројектантских пракси у области архитектонског конструктерства, а представља научно истраживање о употреби рециклираних материјала као чинилаца композита који се може употребити као арматура или неки други елемент при формирању конструктивних елемената архитектонских објеката и могућности примене у ових материјала у пракси. Овакви резултати истраживања подразумевају унапређење пројектовања и реализације конструкција, као и склопова архитектонских објеката кроз увођење нових композитних материјала, а у функцији остварења еколошког квалитета зграда који је у складу са препорукама за одрживи развој грађења. Циљ истраживања је успостављање практичних релација између постојећих података о композитним материјалима, постојеће регулативе која дефинише оквир употребе композита и експерименталног истраживања композита од полимера ојачаног рециклираним влакнима. Општа методолошка теоријска позиција овог истраживања је базирана на научној методологији и користи компаративне методе као пoступак упоређивања истих или сродних појава или утврђивања њихове сличности и разлика међу њима, аналитички и математички метод који поставља релације а што се проверава кроз експериментални метод ради потврде добијених карактеристичних параметара, али и обрнуто потврђује адекватност примене композитног материјала који је експериментално испитан. У првом делу истраживања постављен је теоријски оквир рада, анализирани су референтни извори који дају увид у поље формирања композита, карактеристика композита, употребе, као и могућности имплементације рециклираних материјала у процес производње композита а нарочито композита од полимера ојачаних влакнима...Theoretical position of Doctoral Dissertation is situated in transdisciplinary research area of contemporary design practices in the field of structural engineering in architecture and it presents the scientific research about the use of recycled materials as factors of composite which can be used as a reinforcement bar or some other element in forming structural elements of architectural objects, and features an application of these materials in practice. The results of research include improving the design and realisation of construction, and structures of architectural objects, through introduction of new composite materials which encourage ecological quality of the building, which is in accordance with recommendations for sustainable construction. The aim of this research is to establish a practical relationship between existing composite materials data, the existing regulatory framework which defines the use of composite and experimental research of recycled fiber reinforced polymer composite. Methodological approach of this research was based on a scientific methodology and use comparative method as a comparison process of the same or related phenomena, or establishing similarities and differences among them. Analytical and mathematical method we use to define a relation between them, which can be verified with experimental methods which confirms the obtained characteristic parameters and vice versa that confirm adequacy of composite material that is experimentally tested. In the first part of the research the theoretical framework is set, references which provide insight in a field of composite formation where analysed as well as characteristic of composites, use of composites, and opportunities for implementing recycled materials in the manufacturing process of the composites, especially for fibre reinforced polymer composites. First, thesis define composite, its structure and applied materials, then it analyzes properties of polymer composites reinforced with fibres composted of material from primary production. Then, related data about materials which are suitable for recycling and use in production of composites from recycled materials are analysed..

Upotreba recikliranog PET-a ((Poli) etilen-tereftalat) za vezivanje armature

Recycling has an important role in modern production and in environment preservation. Introduction of recycled PET ((Poly) Ethylene-terephthalate) as straps for reinforcement bars in concrete construction elements can help these important issues. By using an experimental method it is shown that PET straps made with minimal investment, on site and with manual production can replace ‘annealed’ wire as element for connection of reinforcement bars. An overview of some regulation and procedures is presented and used for eligibility assessment of the proposed straps made of recycled material. Also an overview of commonly used connections is given so it can be compared with the proposed ones.Reciklaža zauzima sve važniju ulogu u modernoj proizvodnji i očuvanju životne sredine. Uvođenje recikliranog PET-a ((Poli) Etilen-tereftalat) kao veze za armaturne šipke u betonskim konstruktivnim elementima može doprineti ovim važnim ciljevima. Korišćenjem eksperimentalne metode pokazano je da ovakve veze načinjene od recikliranog PET-a, uz minimalne investicije, napravljene na licu mesta i ručnom izradom mogu zameniti “paljenu”žicu kao element kojim se ostvaruje konekcija između armaturnih šipki. Dat je i kratak pregled nekih propisa i procedura koje su korišćene za procenu predloženih veza od navedenog recikliranog materijala. Takođe je dat i pregled najčešće korićenih veza kako bi moglo da se napravi poređenje sa predloženim rešenjem

Reversion of developmental mode in insects: evolution from long germband to short germband in the polyembrionic wasp Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke

The deposited article is a post-print version and has peer review. This publication hasn't any creative commons license associated. There is no public supplementary material available for this publication.Germband size in insects has played a central role in our understanding of insect patterning mechanisms and their evolution. The polarity of evolutionary change in insect patterning has been viewed so far as the unidirectional shift from the ancestral short germband patterning of basal hemimetabolous insects to the long germband patterning observed in most modern Holometabola. However, some orders of holometabolic insects display both short and long germband development, though the absence of a clear phylogenetic context does not permit definite conclusions on the polarity of change. Derived hymenoptera, that is, bees and wasps, represent a classical textbook example of long germband development. Yet, in some wasps putative short germband development has been described correlating with lifestyle changes, namely with evolution of endoparasitism and polyembryony. To address the potential reversion from long to short germband, we focused on the family Braconidae, which displays ancestral long germband development, and examined the derived polyembryonic braconid Macrocentrus cingulum. Using SEM analysis of M. cingulum embryogenesis coupled with analyses of embryonic patterning markers, we show that this wasp evolved short germband embryogenesis secondarily, in a way that is reminiscent of embryogenesis in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. This work shows that the evolution of germband size in insects is a reversible process that may correlate with other life-history traits and suggests broader implications on the mechanisms and evolvability of insect development.Parke-Davis fellowship; Canadian Foundation for Innovation new opportunity grant; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian grant: (NSERC operating grant).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Complex evolutionary dynamics of massively expanded chemosensory receptor families in an extreme generalist chelicerate herbivore

While mechanisms to detoxify plant produced, anti-herbivore compounds have been associated with plant host use by herbivores, less is known about the role of chemosensory perception in their life histories. This is especially true for generalists, including chelicerate herbivores that evolved herbivory independently from the more studied insect lineages. To shed light on chemosensory perception in a generalist herbivore, we characterized the chemosensory receptors (CRs) of the chelicerate two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, an extreme generalist. Strikingly, T. urticae has more CRs than reported in any other arthropod to date. Including pseudogenes, 689 gustatory receptors were identified, as were 136 degenerin/Epithelial Na+ Channels (ENaCs) that have also been implicated as CRs in insects. The genomic distribution of T. urticae gustatory receptors indicates recurring bursts of lineage-specific proliferations, with the extent of receptor clusters reminiscent of those observed in the CR-rich genomes of vertebrates or C. elegans. Although pseudogenization of many gustatory receptors within clusters suggests relaxed selection, a subset of receptors is expressed. Consistent with functions as CRs, the genomic distribution and expression of ENaCs in lineage-specific T. urticae expansions mirrors that observed for gustatory receptors. The expansion of ENaCs in T. urticae to > 3-fold that reported in other animals was unexpected, raising the possibility that ENaCs in T. urticae have been co-opted to fulfill a major role performed by unrelated CRs in other animals. More broadly, our findings suggest an elaborate role for chemosensory perception in generalist herbivores that are of key ecological and agricultural importance

Multiple indole glucosinolates and myrosinases defend Arabidopsis against Tetranychus urticae herbivory

rabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defenses against herbivores are regulated by the jasmonate (JA) hormonal signaling pathway, which leads to the production of a plethora of defense compounds. Arabidopsis defense compounds include tryptophan-derived metabolites, which limit Arabidopsis infestation by the generalist herbivore two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. However, the phytochemicals responsible for Arabidopsis protection against T. urticae are unknown. Here, we used Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in the synthesis of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites to identify phytochemicals involved in the defense against T. urticae. We show that of the three tryptophan-dependent pathways found in Arabidopsis, the indole glucosinolate (IG) pathway is necessary and sufficient to assure tryptophan-mediated defense against T. urticae. We demonstrate that all three IGs can limit T. urticae herbivory, but that they must be processed by myrosinases to hinder T. urticae oviposition. Putative IG breakdown products were detected in mite-infested leaves, suggesting in planta processing by myrosinases. Finally, we demonstrate that besides IGs, there are additional JA-regulated defenses that control T. urticae herbivory. Together, our results reveal the complexity of Arabidopsis defenses against T. urticae that rely on multiple IGs, specific myrosinases, and additional JA-dependent defenses

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens against mutations

Modern health care needs preventive vaccines and therapeutic treatments with stability against pathogen mutations to cope with current and future viral infections. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, our analytic and predictive tool identified a set of eight short SARS-CoV-2 S-spike protein epitopes that had the potential to persistently avoid mutation. Here a combination of genetic, Systems Biology and protein structure analyses confirm the stability of our identified epitopes against viral mutations. Remarkably, this research spans the whole period of the pandemic, during which 93.9% of the eight peptides remained invariable in the globally predominant 43 circulating variants, including Omicron. Likewise, the selected epitopes are conserved in 97% of all 1,514 known SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Finally, experimental analyses performed with these short peptides showed their specific immunoreactivity. This work opens a new perspective on the design of next-generation vaccines and antibody therapies that will remain reliable against future pathogen mutations.Dr. Lozano-Perez acknowledges the European Commission ERDF/FEDER Operational Program 'Murcia' CCI No. 2007ES161PO001 (Project No. 14-20/20). Miodrag Grbic acknowledges support from the NSERC Discovery grant (Canada). This work also has received funding from the Department of Education of the Basque Government via the Consolidated Research Group MATH MODE (IT1456-22). Besides, Ildefonso Martinez De la Fuente and Iker Malaina were supported by the UPV/EHU and Basque Center of Applied Mathematics, grant US21/27N

Forming of structural elements of architectural objects using recycled fiber reinforced polymer

Докторска теза теоријски се позиционира у пољу трансдициплинарног истраживања савремених пројектантских пракси у области архитектонског конструктерства, а представља научно истраживање о употреби рециклираних материјала као чинилаца композита који се може употребити као арматура или неки други елемент при формирању конструктивних елемената архитектонских објеката и могућности примене у ових материјала у пракси. Овакви резултати истраживања подразумевају унапређење пројектовања и реализације конструкција, као и склопова архитектонских објеката кроз увођење нових композитних материјала, а у функцији остварења еколошког квалитета зграда који је у складу са препорукама за одрживи развој грађења. Циљ истраживања је успостављање практичних релација између постојећих података о композитним материјалима, постојеће регулативе која дефинише оквир употребе композита и експерименталног истраживања композита од полимера ојачаног рециклираним влакнима. Општа методолошка теоријска позиција овог истраживања је базирана на научној методологији и користи компаративне методе као пoступак упоређивања истих или сродних појава или утврђивања њихове сличности и разлика међу њима, аналитички и математички метод који поставља релације а што се проверава кроз експериментални метод ради потврде добијених карактеристичних параметара, али и обрнуто потврђује адекватност примене композитног материјала који је експериментално испитан. У првом делу истраживања постављен је теоријски оквир рада, анализирани су референтни извори који дају увид у поље формирања композита, карактеристика композита, употребе, као и могућности имплементације рециклираних материјала у процес производње композита а нарочито композита од полимера ојачаних влакнима...Theoretical position of Doctoral Dissertation is situated in transdisciplinary research area of contemporary design practices in the field of structural engineering in architecture and it presents the scientific research about the use of recycled materials as factors of composite which can be used as a reinforcement bar or some other element in forming structural elements of architectural objects, and features an application of these materials in practice. The results of research include improving the design and realisation of construction, and structures of architectural objects, through introduction of new composite materials which encourage ecological quality of the building, which is in accordance with recommendations for sustainable construction. The aim of this research is to establish a practical relationship between existing composite materials data, the existing regulatory framework which defines the use of composite and experimental research of recycled fiber reinforced polymer composite. Methodological approach of this research was based on a scientific methodology and use comparative method as a comparison process of the same or related phenomena, or establishing similarities and differences among them. Analytical and mathematical method we use to define a relation between them, which can be verified with experimental methods which confirms the obtained characteristic parameters and vice versa that confirm adequacy of composite material that is experimentally tested. In the first part of the research the theoretical framework is set, references which provide insight in a field of composite formation where analysed as well as characteristic of composites, use of composites, and opportunities for implementing recycled materials in the manufacturing process of the composites, especially for fibre reinforced polymer composites. First, thesis define composite, its structure and applied materials, then it analyzes properties of polymer composites reinforced with fibres composted of material from primary production. Then, related data about materials which are suitable for recycling and use in production of composites from recycled materials are analysed..

Observe, talk/ask and then make a house: One possibility for designing a Romani house in Belgrade

Information about informal Romani settlements housing are not found in books or archives. They are found “live”, in settlements. The intent of this paper is to point out that they represent a world of signals that can be detected through the methodological tools of observation and discussion with residents; also and therefore, to create guidelines for operational tools useful for an aware and contemporary design of Romani house. The paper starts from the fact that including cultural components in projects that are meant for Romani housing should also include special spatial requests that refer to the enabling of the development of user’s cultural characteristic. In parallel, the context is completed by the choice that cultural plurality only represents a path to a reciprocal education through the exchange of cultural components whose diversity is accepted as if they were values and that the construction of an adequate physical space dedicated to Romani housing alludes that besides accepting differences (seen as values, not as a value that represents the essence of separation) they also need to be understood. It is in fact this type of treatment of culture that is making a key stride, which is a principal change of the approach to the term culture itself from a humanistic determination to an anthropological determination of the term. In the anthropological definition of the term, culture is not selective, it includes all human activities and elements of heritage; it is not elitist i.e. it is not a characteristic of a small group but of society as a whole and is neutral in value since even culture in the sense of the lifestyle as a whole of a people or a group is equally good. In this key the main hypothesis is that a Romani settlement represents a key source of information on Romani housing, and that it is therefore possible to obtain such information by observing the lifestyle within the settlement and in communicating with the residents of the settlements. The paper will showcase a case study of a Romani settlement using a methodological apparatus that was inspired by the following aims: observe and talk/ask its concept and steps of research, as well as possible designing results that have been achieved in using such a procedure. The purpose of the paper is seen in collecting and archiving findings on housing in Romani settlements, thus achieving a double effect: building bases that will allow good quality planning for the future of the Romani house and the settlement on one hand, and on the other hand their significance for the city and strengthening consciousness about them is intensified

Investigation of the Collapse of a Building in the Final Stage of Its Construction

In 2009, the Municipal Court of the City of Cajetina, Republic of Serbia, issued an order to a Commission of court-appointed experts (Commission) to perform an analysis of the collapse of a building in the final stage of its construction. The Commission was appointed by the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade. The study reveals the steps taken in the process of determining the cause of collapse and the problems that have led to it, the conclusions and findings. Poor design and bad execution led to the collapse of the building. The causes of collapse were structural defects in calculations and rebar detailing, disregard of the procedures related to technical supervision and the procedure of obtaining a building permit, violation of building codes and good practice. The cause was determined using the following methods: analysis of documentation, analysis of regulations and legislation, in situ observations, interviews with participants on the process, and structural analysis through three dimensional modelling. The study also shows that safety factors in the built construction elements were low and inadequate. This work summarizes the principles, conclusions and findings of forensic investigation

In silico cloning of genes encoding neuropeptides, neurohormones and their putative G-protein coupled receptors in a spider mite

The genome of the spider mite was prospected for the presence of genes coding neuropeptides, neurohormones and their putative G-protein coupled receptors. Fifty one candidate genes were found to encode neuropeptides or neurohormones. These include all known insect neuropeptides and neurohormones, with the exception of sulfakinin, corazonin, neuroparsin and PTTH. True orthologs of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) were neither found, but there are three genes encoding peptides similar in structure to both AKH and the AKH-corazonin-related peptide. We were also unable to identify the precursors for pigment dispersing factor (PDF) or the recently discovered trissin. However, the spider mite probably does have such genes, as we found their putative receptors. A novel arthropod neuropeptide gene was identified that shows similarity to previously described molluscan neuropeptide genes and was called EFLamide. A total of 65 putative neuropeptide GPCR genes were also identifieid, of these 58 belong to the A-family and 7 to the B-family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 50 of them are closely related to insect GPCRs, which allowed the identification of their putative ligand in 39 cases with varying degrees of certainty. Other spider mite GPCRs however have no identifiable orthologs in the genomes of the four holometabolous insect species best analyzed. Whereas some of the latter have orthologs in hemimetabolous insect species, crustaceans or ticks, for others such arthropod homologs are currently unknown. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.Additional funds for transcriptome studies that supported the annotation were from a University of Utah SEED grant and equipment funds from the US National Science Foundation (0820985; to Richard M. Clark).Peer Reviewe